User:Rpeters

Table

border-spacing: 0; border: 1px solid #000; padding: 0"

Food complements
Orange	Apple
Bread	Pie
Butter	Ice cream

*Equipment Issues*
Device	Problem	Tests	Results	Prognosis

Old Train 11

power supply tester

erratic

Rod

align="bottom" style="color:#e76700;"|

Shopping List

Bread & Butter

Pie

Buns

Danish

Croissant

Cheese

Ice cream

Butter

Yogurt

Equipment Issues

"Old Train 11
	power supply tester	OK only intermittently	set asside as spares	style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px";Rod

Device	Issue	Action	Result	Decision	Volunteer	Reserved	Reserved
Old Train 11	powers up for only a few seconds	-	-	-	-	-	-
		3/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		3/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		3/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	style="color:#e76700;"set asside as spares
Old Train 13	persistent, annoying, random video flicker	-	-	-	-	-	-
		3/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
		4/10	-	\|-	-	-	-	-
		5/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
6/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
7/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
8/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
9/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
10/10	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Templates

this is it -Rpeters13:25, 24 August 2012 (EST) --

def: definition list

def

definition list

AF Drives

For General Users

Overview

Advanced Format (AF) Hard Disk Drives are used in many pre-built computers and USB drives from about 2011 onwards.. By way of explanation

AF drives have 4 kB hard sectors in lieu of
the traditional 512 B sectors

Advantages

much faster (less disk overhead)
more space efficient (larger disk capacity from same hardware)
overcomes immutable capacity limit of ~2.19 TeraByte for conventional drives

Disadvantages

Windows 32 bit systems cannot boot from AF drives
- requires driver from HDD manufacturer, to use as data only internal drives

No action is required by the typical purchaser, because the manufacturer will have taken care of the special formatting required with AF drives. Getting Technical below, provides guidelines for those needing to:

repartition drives
install new, "bare" drives

Getting Technical

Advanced Format Drives

New HDD from about 2011 onwards are likely to be Advance Formatted

usually pre-formatted
likely to be stated on drive or packaging
essential for drives over 2.1 TeraByte capacity
has been used on new drives as small as 250GB

Avoid reformatting drives to MBR

performance loss of up to 40% if reformatted MBR
requires special procedure - see "Strictly for Geeks" below

. A new type of partition table called Globally Unique Identifier(GUID) Partition Table (GPT) is required to optimise the performance of AF disks. The partition table previously in common use has no univerwsally agreed name but is given the nomenclature Master Boot Record (MBR), because that was a unique feature of it.

Legacy partitioning tools do not handle GPT. A suitable tool for intermediate users is "parted" or its GUI front-end "gparted". The simplest way to use these is from a bootable utility CD

http://www.sysresccd.org/Download http://partedmagic.com/doku.php?id=downloads

Altering Partitions

It is not advisable to delete or alter patitions of type ef01 or ef02, because these have a special purpose in GPT. Other partitions may be re-sized or added, as required. Note that:

all partitons in GPT are Primary
up to 128 primaries are permitted
GPT has no concept of "Extended" or "Logical" partitions.
partition type numbers sometimes differ from those used with MBR partition tables

A compleat description of GPT is available at:

http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk

New Drives

The full capacity of Drives over 2.1 TB can be utilised only via recent mainboards or add-on SATA controllers

support for SATA 3 (aka 6 Gb/sec) is required

The boot flag in GPT does *not* make a disk bootable from a BIOS mainboard. See the procedures at:

http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-Partitioning-EN-The-new-GPT-disk-layout

Strictly for Geeks

Capacity

The international standard for data capacity uses multipliers of 2 ^ 10 in lieu of SI decimal multipliers of 10 ^ 3 eg

kiB = 1024 Bytes
kB = 1000 Bytes

through

TiB = 2.198 TB

Why does this matter ?

drives have always had sectors that are multiples of kiB
- 0.5 kiB for conventional HDD
- 2 kiB for CD & some Magneto Optics
- 4 kiB for AF drives
- 32 kiB for DVD
advanced formatting tools allocate partitions in MiB, GiB, TiB increments
- partition sizes will be reported larger by older OS
- formatted capacity of a drive will be somewhat less than manufacturer's nameplate rating, which is usually in decimal
advanced formatting tools might align partitions on MiB boundaries
- helps optimise performance

Tools

A more capable partitioning tool is required to set up the advanced features of GPT. The partitioning tool gdisk is downloadable from http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/download.html

Partition Conversion

MBR drives can be converted to GPT partition table, without erasing data, subject to some limitations and risks

essential to backup data & system files
use the "r" menu option in gdisk, followed by "g"
some partition numbers might be changed

Advanced Patitioning Layouts

non-sequential partition numbering
spaces between partitions
partition alignment on 1 MiB boundaries

Re-formatting

Drives up to 2.1 TB,manufactured during the transitional period, logically divide each 4kB sector into eight 512 B sectors

permits partitioning using legacy programs
deprecated because doing so can decrease performance up to 40%
- essential for boot drives in Windows 32 bit systems

AF drives that are re-formatted to MBR might behave unreliably unless expert options in gdisk are used

see "z" menu option

File Migration

The simplest approach is to install additional HDD before any systems are installed or data created. If that is not feasible then any existing files/folders at the intended mount point need to be migrated

ensure that the files to be migrated are firstly backed up to independent media
as user root mount the new partition to a temporary point, typically /mnt/
cd to the mount point that will later be used permantly for the new partition
use the "cp -ax" command to copy all files from within the folder of the mount point to ./mnt
- do not use use file managers for this purpose, because those may set incorrect timestamps, permisisons etc for files
unount from the temporary point
set the permanent mount point (and change permissions, if necessary) as in sections "User Storage" or "System Storage" below
the above procedure duplicates existing files. To remove the originals:
- temporarily unmount the new partition
- delete all files in the folder of the permanent mount point
- remount the new partition to its permanent mount point

Firewalls

Packet-Filtering v Router

a perenniel question is whether it is preferable to run a packet-filtering style firewall on each workstation/laptop/pocket-PC or to use a single "hardware" router to protect the whole LAN

Packet-Filtering v Router

Advantages

no additional hardware, cost, wattage
zero acreage

Disadvantages

generally less "hardened"
- many more background prolcesses need to be running to support user apps

Linux

Most Linux include a packet-filtering style firewall

usually activated, by default
- but check
efficacy likely to be similar
- based on iptables
- may also include ip6tables and ebtables
administrative interface specific to distribution
- "Guarddog" in KDE provides consistent interface

Mac OSX

citation needed

Windows

citation needed

Gateway/Router

generally regarded as "abandon-ware" by manufacturers - typically
- updates are not announced
- only a few updates provided
- for about three years only

Firewalls

Packet-Filtering v Router

a perenniel question is whether it is preferable to run a packet-filtering style firewall on each workstation/laptop/pocket-PC or to use a single "hardware" router to protect the whole LAN

Packet-Filtering

Advantages

no additional hardware, cost, wattage
zero acreage

Disadvantages

generally less "hardened"
- many more background prolcesses need to be running to support user apps

Linux

Most Linux include a packet-filtering style firewall

usually activated, by default
- but check
efficacy likely to be similar
- based on iptables
- may also include ip6tables and ebtables
administrative interface specific to distribution
- "Guarddog" in KDE provides consistent interface

Mac OSX

citation needed

Windows

citation needed

Gateway/Router

Although these are typically a separate hardware item they are not necessarily an additional hardware item, often being combined with an ethernet switch and/or DSL modem

Advantages

generally more "hardened"
- by eliminating many background prolcesses that are not needed to support user apps
single point of installation, configuration and update

Disadvantages

possible additional hardware, cost, wattage
update support for commercial units is typically infrequent and limited-term

zero acreage

Linux

Most Linux include a packet-filtering style firewall

usually activated, by default

Gateway/Router

For General Users

The relative advantages of a separate gateway/router are discussed at

A packaged commercial uint is the most suitable option

ADSL modem/router for ADSL users
"broadband" roiuter for other connection types
- as of 2012, a router for dial-up connections appears to be unavailable

Disadvantages

generally regarded as "abandon-ware" by manufacturers - typically
- updates are not announced
- only a few updates provided
- for about three years only
firewalling functions eg SPI, often default to DISABLED
- apparently to ensure that it "just works"
- ensure that these functions are re-configured to ENABLED

Recommendations

A commerical uint that overcomes the above disadvantages at a price is the FritzBox

available from http://www.internode.on.net
note that the upmarket model is required to support IPv6

A much lower pirced unit is the DLink DIR-615

this is a broadband router only (no modem)

Getting Technical

DIY routers overcome the support limitations of commercial units, although until recently this has been at a cost of:

acreage
wattage
additional terminology

Most DIY units have been based on superceded PC. Additional hardware will be required:

modem (if not provided by ISP as modem or Set Top Box)
ethernet switch (unless only one computer will be accessing the Internet)
WiFi Access Point
- if required
- might be implemented as a PCI/PCIe WiFi card in the routing PC

Hardware

Minimum suggested specs are approximately

CPU - any X86 compatible of 333 Mhz or faster
- ARM CPU may now be viable in lieu x86 compatible see "Strictly for Geeks" below
RAM - 256 MB
- additional functions, particularly caching, require extra RAM
storage - 2 GB
- effective caching requires several GB more disk space
network interfaces
- PCI, PCIe or USB-Ethernet required
- 10 Mb/s suffice - unless running ADSL 2 or faster link
- NB - speed of other devices on the LAN is irrelevant, LAN performance depends on the ethernet switch deployed

Wattage for DIY has been somewhat higher than for commerical routers. A suitable objective, using 2010 or later componentry is 25 W. Lower wattage units are addressed under "Strictly for Geeks" below. CPU wattage is a poor indicator because other chips and peripherals consume somewhat more. Suggested basis for low wattage router:

HP Proliant Microserver
mainboards based on C50 CPU - which appears to have been used only in netbooks
mainboards based on E350 CPU
mainboards based on Atom CPU are something of an enigma
- can be the lowest cost available but
- wattage surprisingly high, because of associated chips
mainboards based on VIA CPU
- expensive unless s/hand
- not particularly low wattage
mainboards based on Pentium III CPU
- reliability might be reduced because of age
- zero cost & acceptable wattage

Software

Many Linux and BSD can be configured a gateway-router, but it is generally simpler and more watt efficient to use a specialised firewall/gateway distribution. Better known ones are listed in Linux_Distribution_Recommendations Although BSD based distributions such as Monowall are quite functional, their use would involve an additional learning curve for most people

Zoning

Software for DIY routers implements similar network zoning to that in commercial routers. An aspect that is different is the colour coding of zones:

RED for untrusted/unfiltered Internet
GREEN for most trusted, wired LAN connections
BLUE for less trusted WiFi connections
PURPLE for additional LAN zone
ORANGE for Demilitarized Zone, (DMZ)
- not required by most home users
- typically used for stand-alone servers, to which access from the Internet is permitted

Strictly for Geeks

DIY routers based on ARM CPU have become viable during 2012.

have potential to match commerical routers in wattage and acreage
- whilst maintaining advantage of frequent software updates
require more careful matching of hardware and software
- ARM compilations are not as "portable" as x86 compilations
  - advisable to select hardware having an ARM CPU series matching the compilation
raspberry pi is best known hardware example - see Raspberry Pi
- IPFire is the only well-known firewall/router that has reached released level for it
- alternatively, raspbian could be adapted as a firewall/router for it

Rescue CD

For General Users

Boot Only Rescue CD

A computer which fails to start as far as the login screen (or "Safe Mode" in the case of Windows) might have a mal-configured bootloader. Such condition can result following routine software updates. The following CD can sometimes succeed in booting a system which is failing to start from hard disk drive. Success rate varies between the rescue CD, as described below. Some can deal with greater mal-configuration of the installed system(s) than others.

rEFInd
Supergrub 1.98
custom Grub rescue CD

All can boot most operating systems, including Linux, MacOSX and Windows

Try rEFInd for systems manufactured from early 2011 onwards. If it does not start on your computer then try Supergrub 1.98 One of the Grub rescue CD would be required for older computers

a custom Grub rescue CD, as the name implies, must be custom built for a particular compter
- as descrbied in Getting Technical, below
- many users would require assistance to do so
The other CD are downloadable, at no cost, as a dotISO file.
- http://sourceforge.net/projects/refind/files/0.6.0/refind-cd-0.6.0.zip/download
- http://download.berlios.de/supergrub/super_grub_disk_hybrid-1.98s1.iso
Use the following procedure to burn that file to a bootable CD
- Using dotISO Files
Then insert the CD in the faulty computer and reboot
enter Setup, at the early stage of reboot and move CDROM above HDD in the boot order, if necessary
- Setup is initiated by pressing Del key on most computers.
- brand name computers tend to use the F2 key instead
save changes and exit Setup
after the CD boots menu items can be selected only via arrow keys - mouse does not work at this stage of boot
- rEFInd or a custom Grub rescue CD should find all bootable operating systems
  - highlight the required one and press enter
- Supergrub requires an additional step
  - select the first menu line and press Enter
  - it should then identify all bootable operating systems
  - highlight the required one and press enter

Systems that don't boot via the above procedures can often still be recovered, but it gets more technical. As described below. Some prior preparation can increase the success rate of rEFInd on newer computers

Getting Technical

UEFI Mainboards

Computers manufactured from 2011 onwards are likely to use UEFI firmware in lieu of BIOS firmware on the mainboard

identication of boot entities on these computers is generally more reliable than with BIOS
the "boot order" setting in UEFI firmware can include software entities such as boot managers/loaders as well as hardware entities such as HDD, CD/DVD, USB, SD devices
- the Windows bootloader should already be included in the boot order by the system supplier, if the system includes Windows

Quick Fix

download the latest release of rEFInd CD from
- http://sourceforge.net/projects/refind/files/
burn this CD to optical media or as a bootable USB device
boot this CD, which should produce a display of icons, one for each boot manager/loader
- including an icon for the Windows loader (if Windows is on the system) and
- icons for each Linux boot loader or bootable kernel image
use arrow keys to highlight the required OS and press "Enter"
- Windows should still be bootable and some Linux may also be, if only the first stage of the boot loader is misconfigured
if no icons are displayed, or the system boots to (faulty) boot entities on the HDD, then the mainboard is not truely booting in UEFI mode
- in this situation, follow the procedures for BIOS mainboards under later heading

Create Bootable Entities

In order for this rescue mechanism to work Linux must

have been installed to a boot disk :
- partitioned using GPT partition table and
- having an ESP partition (type ef00) formatted FAT 32 (ideally as partition 1)
be using a kernel that has the "EFI stub-loader" compiled in
- mainstream kernels from 3.3 onwards typically do

as user "root" use "cp -a" to copy the current "vmlinuz-n.n.n" and matching "initrd-n.n.n" to the root directory of the ESP partition
- the files must be copied because FAT 32 does not support Linux style linking
rename the "vmlinuz" to have a dotefi extension
- FAT 32 is not, strictly speaking, case sensitive
- the "initrd" file retains any existing extension
  - or no extension, as the case may be

- many distro give and expect it to have a dotgz extension

reboot the computer and enter mainboard setup mode
the UEFI reference implementation includes facility for directly editing the boot order
- if this option is available, amend boot order to include the kernel that was added to ESP root directory above
- if this option is not available, then the rEFInd CD can be used for emergency boot, as in the following step
the rEFInd CD should now be ablt to boot kernel images directly, including when the Linux bootloader is broken or mis-configured

BIOS Mainboards

Disk Order

Booting Linux from a separate HDD will be much more reliable if it is put on the first HDD that is identified by the BIOS

contrary to 20th century notions, Windows XP and later do not need to be on the first HDD, nor indeed on the first primary partition
many BIOS default IDE HDD ahead of SATA HDD in the boot order
- interchanging HDD logically in the BIOS settings is likely to cause ongoing boot failures.
- ie use either two IDE or two SATA HDD and not a mixture, if Windows is to be booted on one of the disks.

Quick Fix

download the latest release of a utility/rescue CD, which do a good job of providing a generic boot CD eg:
- - Parted Magic
- - Systemrescue
burn this CD to optical media or as a bootable USB device
boot this CD and select an option to boot from local hard disk
- precise menu path will vary between rescue CD
- a menu of bootable OS should be displayed
  - including an icon for the Windows loader (if Windows is on the system) and
  - including each installed Linux, notwithstanding that the boot loader on HDD might be "broken"
use arrow keys to highlight the require OS and press "Enter"
- Windows should still be bootable and some Linux may also be, "matched pairs" of kernel and initrd can be located
if no bootable options are found then mainboard or HDD hardware problems , or the system boots to (faulty) boot entities on the HDD, then the mainboard is not truely booting in UEFI mode

Grub Rescue CD

GRUB-legacy and GRUB2 have provisions for making bootable GRUB CD (actually ISO images, from which a CD may be burnt)

the command to create the ISO image is less much complicated in GRUB2

It is diffcult to create a generic boot CD because GRUB looks for particular hard disk drives, partition numbers, kernal images and initrd images that are specified in its configuration file

nevertheless, downloadable r
if a a custom rescue CD is required for a specific PC then using the /boot/grub2/grub.cfg file from the PC to be booted is a useful starting point

read the outine of process that is provided by via the command "info grub"
- the GRUB routine to be used is "mkrescue"
create a folder to hold the contents of files to be used for the image
- a subdirectory off /boot would keep all boot routines in a single area, although it requires root privilleges
- $mkdir ISO
- $mkdir -p ISO/boot/grub2
- $cp -a /boot/grub2/* ISO/boot/grub2/
- edit the file ISO/boot/grub2/grub.cfg to remove references to specific kernel versions
- eg linux /vmlinuz-3.4.6-12 becomes /vmlinuz
- /initrd-3.4.6-12 becomes /initrd
- check that your distribution has created the logical links vmlinuz & initrd. If not, then create them manually to point to the current kernel & initrd
- if this has to be done manually, then it will need to be repeated after each kernel update, to ensure that the rescue CD will continue to sucessfully boot from HDD
- any menu items for Windows should work unchanged
- grub2 has scope for much "eye candy"
  - which can usefully give the menu from the rescue CD a different appearance from that of the HDD boot
  - simplest change to implement is that of background colour
    - likely to require changes in grub.cfg as well as the themes script in sub-directory.ISO/boot/grub/<distro name>/themes.txt
if a background.png is implemented then save a copy of the original an edit background colour in GIMP etc
if there appears to be no background image, then background colour can be changed to a desired value, specified via either RGB or HTML colour values
- save the modified file(S)
from the parent directory of ISO, invoke the command to create the ISO image
- $grub2-mkrescue -o grub.iso ISO
  - the prefix varies with distro
  - see distro specific notes below
burn the ISO image to a CDRW or "DD" it to USB stick
- a USB memory device will provide much faster iterative testing of the rescue "CD"
- test and iteratively modify the ISO image
- it can be difficult to differentiate between booting from HDD and CD, if the background colour change is not "taking"
  - one option is to add a dummy menu item to one boot method
put the final, tested image on a CD or USB device.

Distribution specific notes

openSUSE postfixes all grub 2 related material with "2"
- - default folder becomes /boot/grub2
  - commands become eg grub2-mkrescue
openSUSE invokes the command "xorriso" to create the ISO image from a script or at CLI
- - this command is in package "libburnia-tools, which is not installed by default
openSUSE has long had a bunch of perl scripts which take control of the bootloader configuration and which will quickly overwrite any changes made to /boot/grub/grub.cfg
- - any customisation is best confined to the rescue CD working directory .
YMMV with other distributions

Projector

Overview

The projector in PCUG Training Room is set up for optimal use with the Trainer's PC, that is also provided.

Anyone planning to give a course or presentation using their own laptop computer is strongly advised to work through these guidelines well in advance and ensure that their laptop is working with external displays.

Up to three settings might might neeed to be changed to have a notebook computer display output via its external video connector. The following description is, of necessity, generic because of variations between different hardware and operating systems. Refer to the User's Guide for the notebook, if necessary, for specific guidance regarding the following settings :

Manuals for many models may be downloaded from he following site

http://www.laptopmanual.net/

Procedures

Connect Video Cable

contemporary Operating Systems dynamicallly configure video devices
ensure that video cable between note/netbook and external display is connected before proceeding
- HDMI cables are the simplest to connect and provide the best quality, if the computer has relevant output socket
  - if a DVI-HDMI adapter must be used then this must be connected with both devices powered OFF
- older devices may be connected via VGA cable

Enable External Video Output in the BIOS

power up or reboot the notebook and press the key/keystroke sequence required to enter Setup mode
- known sequences for various devices:
  - Dell - press F2 at start-up
  - manyothers - press Del at start-up
find any options for external video output.
- not all notebooks have BIOS settings for this because many have the external video permanently enabled at hardware level
- note also that this setting is usually not related to "docking station" on larger notebooks ie external video should work regardless of whether or not use of a docking station is enabled.
- ensure that any option for external video is "enabled"
Save, then exit Setup

Configure the Second Display/Monitor/Video card

note that this is done at Operating System level
- If more than one Operating System is installed then boot to the one which will be used with the external display.
typically the second display is configured by invoking "Control Panel" and selecting the option "Display" The exact nomenclature is operating system dependent
- if there is an on-screen button labelled "identify displays" or equivalent, then left-click on that
  - a "1" appearing on the inbuilt LCD display indicates that the external display will be the second display
  - proceed to configure the display other than the inbuilt LCD
it is better to pick conservative settings if the notebook will be used at various locations with different external display devices
- most notebooks, including those having wide-screen inbuilt LCD displays, can have the external display set for conventional 4:3 ratio and that will provide the most flexible arrangement.
  - resolution 1024 x 768
  - vertical refresh rate 60 Hz
- the above settings are also safe for most LCD monitors. Higher settings might not work and might also damage the device.
the main Training Room projector, for example, does handle widescreen modes. It works best with the following settings:
- resolution 1280 x 800
- vertical refresh rate 60 Hz
there will probably be an option to setup "multiple monitors"
- within this option select "clone" or equivalent in order to have the full screen sent to both displays
- Windows will operate multiple displays at identical resolutions
- other Operating System should adjust the image sent to the two displays automatically, to cater for differing aspect ratios and resolutions.
Save the settings and exit Control Panel.

Use External Power Supply

the external video display will add to the power drain of the notebook and may discharge the battery much more quickly. Plug in and power up the external power supply for the notebook, if available
- if the external power supply is not available, then do not activate the external display, as per next step, for prolonged periods

Activate Output to External Display/Projector

on most notebooks this is achieved by pressing a keystroke combination. Known combinations:
- Dell combination is Fn simultaneously with F8
although a notebook will accept this change at any time, whilst running, many OS require a subsequent re-boot, in order to recognise a second display
each time the combination is pressed, the notebook switches to the next of the three options:
- internal LCD only
- external display only
- internal LCD plus external display
note that if the external display, in particular, is in "sleep" mode, then it may take 5 to 10 seconds to respond the the input signal. Therefore, wait at least 10 seconds between each press of the keystroke combination and check whether the external display responds.

Repeat Display Configuration for other Operating Systems

Configure the Second Display/Monitor/Video card is the only setting which is Operating System dependent
- that procedure may be repeated for other Operating Systems, if desired, after output to the external display has been successfully achieved with the first Operating System

Additional Issues with Training Room Projector

Some further notes regarding the projector in the Training Room.

Video Cables
- preferably use the HDMI cable that is now provided
  - Some modern notebooks have DVI connector only and Apple brand notebooks may have a different connector again. Users would need to bring their own adapter.
- a VGA cable is also connected to the projector, for use with older computers
  - it may be necessary to by-pass the VGA splitter
Remote
- use the menu on the remote control of the projector to select which input (HDMI or VGA) is in use
  - this function is not automatic
the projector has been known to mis-interpret apparently valid resolutions and either truncate the display or not display at all. If difficulty is experienced, then:
- try connecting the notebook to a CRT display (which are generally more tolerant of resolutions) at the Centre and try to ascertain whether the notebook is actually putting signal to the external display connector.
- if so, then revisit "Control Panel" and check that the settings for the second display are as above.
- in some scenarios the only solution might be to work with the truncated display on the projector and rely on the notebook's LCD screen for the bottom few rows
  - with most Operating Systems the "task bar" can temporarily be repositioned at top of screen, to minimise inconvenience in this scenario

ISO Hybrids

Using/Creating ISOhybrid Files

This task is for intermediate/advanced users

Overview

Some dotISO files are now being provided as "ISOhybrids"

which have the main advantage of typically booting much faster from USB/SD devices
- because most OS use conservative settings to boot USB/SD devices, in order to cope with older/buggy BIOS
boot speed is also highly dependent on the "Class" of SD media and (probably) unstated/indeterminate grade of USB "thumbdrive"

ISOhybrids may also be burnt to conventional CD/DVD/Bluray optical media, or written to USB/SD media, as in general/intermediate procedures above

hence the "hybrid" descriptor
but require the alternative procedure below to achieve faster performance from USB/SD devices

Hybridisation

this procedure may be skipped, if the ISO is known to already be hybridised
dotISO of unknown type may safely be converted to hybridISO via the program "isohybrid"
- the conversion adds a few tens of kB, if the ISO is not already hybridised, which may push the ISO beyond the maximum capacity of optical media
  - alhough these ISOhybrids could still be written to USB/SD media, as in ntermediate procedures above.
- it makes no perceptable difference if the ISO is already hybridised

Writing ISOhybrids

as a precaution, disconnect all other USB devices from the computer
- including printers, scanners, mobile broadband sticks, modems etc
  - any of which could include "storage"
verify the drive letter/number of the USB/SD media
- in Windows use "Computer" menu and open the drive
- in other OS use hdparm, fdisk etc
- check by manufacturer ID, size, partitioning etc
the partitioning/format of the USB/SD media to be used is probably immaterial
- if in doubt, format the single/first partition as FAT 32
launch a program for direct writing disk images of storage media eg
- in Windows use http://www.softpedia.com/get/CD-DVD-Tools/Data-CD-DVD-Burning/Win32-Disk-Imager.shtml or "rawwrite"
- in other OS use "dd" (or preferably "ddrescue")
  - in this procedure "dd" operates on an unmounted device
more detailed instructions are at:

http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:Live_USB_stick#Bootable_USB_from_DVD_or_Net-install

execise great caution with the above programs - an error in selecting the USB/SD device could result in hard disk partition being overwritten

Printing

For General Users

New users of Linux may find that their printer (and scanner) is neither supported nor supportable. Simplest option is to (wisely) purchase a new printer.

Selection Guideance

be aware that Linux uses Postscript or PDF technology as the basis for its print sub-system
- printers that use Postscript, PDF or perhaps PCL print languages are readily supportable and likely to remain so
- most entry-level printers do not use those technologies, that require additonal processing resouces which in turn adds cost
- be prepared to purchase a mid-range printer (or multi-function device).

All of the following pre-purchase research is strongly recommended

download the relevant driver from the manufacturer's web site
check for availability of alternate drivers at: http://www.openprinting.org/printers
install the relevant driver prior to purchase
- in almost all cases this can be achieved without the printer physically present
seek assistance in a Linux forum if the drivers are not available or don't install

Troubleshooting

The direct interface to the Linux printing sub-system (CUPS) on your computer is via the URL http://localhost:631

this is also usually the most capable and reliable interface
other setup routines are provided in many Distributions
- these might not detect downloaded drivers and are thus less reliable

Failure to print, although the driver is installed, can result from unsuitable settings.

from the CUPS Administratin tab, select
- Manage Printers -> Set Default Options
check the settings for and adjuxt if necessary
1. paper size (usually A4 is correct)
2. paper source (tray (cassette) or manual)

Printer Recommendations

HP provide Linux support for most of their devices
- low-end devices would be reliant on continuation of this support, as would be the case with other brands
Fuji-Xerox have argueably the best colour laser technology
- CP/CM 305 series are the lowest cost models having Linux support
Brother multi-functions all support scanning via network
- mid-range models do use Postscript

Scanning

Raspberry Pi

Cases

Heat Load

Quick Start Guide from distributor RS Components recommends:

"use in well-ventillated area"
"should not be covered"

It's debatable whether or hot the majority of cases being sold meet the above criteria.

Alternatives to Cases

A DIY cover can be made usiing discarded CD media. The original concept was at

http://discpi.vkspartak.sk/

That "case" does not anchor the RPi down and dimensions for accuately positioning the plastic supports are not provided. A variation, including critical dimensions is at

Some construction factors to note, In either variant

RPi have been produced on at least two production lines
- precise dimensions of the board might vary
- check prior to construction, preferably using plastic vernier calipers
- adjust position of supports accordingly
single plastic disks/CD media, although quite tough, are fairly flexible
- two can be "laminated" together to form each of the top and base
- the plastic in them is not tolerant of most solvents/glues - alternative is to place near the perimeter:
- several small dots of hot-melt glue or
- several strips of (non-foam) "double-sided" tape
metal components of the case must be well insulated
surprising force is required to insert/remove the SD Card & USB plugs, in particular. The supports must resist horizontal movement of the board
the board is offset longitudinally towards the USB/RJ45 end, in order to:
- facilitate insertion removal of USB/Ethernet plugs
- prevent SD card overhanging case
a minimium standoff of about 7 mm is required for board above lower CD.to facilitate insertion/removal of plugs
if actual CD media are used (in lieu of plastic spacers from CD stacks) then the reflective sides must face inwards
- top sides of media can be conductive aluminium
- clear any drillled holes of flaked aluminium swarf
- reflective surfaces aid monitoring of the RPi's five tell-tale LED
drill CD media at slow speed
- otherwise the plastic is inclined to melt and clog drlll bits
on early production (at least) of the RPi model B, the Ethernet socket is not well anchored
- desirable to adhere plastic spacers above it so the top CD holds it down
a discarded case from a stack of 20/25 CD/DVD media can be used to protect the "CD-RPi" during transport
- need to cut off the central spigot of the media case